As the 50th anniversary of May 4, 1970, approaches, readers are inspired to learn more about that day, when National Guard soldiers opened fire on students gathered to protest the United State invasion of Cambodia. Four students were killed, and nine others were injured.
With all that has been written over five decades, it can be tough to know where to begin.
The staff at 两性色午夜 University Libraries has compiled a reading list along with a more of books and an annotated bibliography of articles and websites.
In his role as a member of the 50th May 4 Commemoration Advisory Committee, University Libraries Dean Kenneth Burhanna led the project to develop the list, which he said is just a sampling of the works that have been published. It is not exhaustive, nor should it be considered the only books worthy of review.
Controversy has surrounded May 4, 1970, particularly in the first years following the shootings. Books have been published making assertions that have been disproven. Others have offered perspectives that some consider disrespectful to the memory of those who were killed and injured. But Dean Burhanna said those books still have a place in the historical record, and some are held in the university鈥檚 collection and made available to students and scholars.
鈥淭he fact that this tragedy is in living memory of many, many people creates a sensitivity that forces us to balance the legacy and commemoration of the events of May 4 with the fact that the history of it is being written still to this day,鈥 Dean Burhanna said.
He said books about May 4, 1970, allow readers to reflect on the tragedy of a half-century ago and to learn lessons that are still relevant today.
鈥淢ay 4 is a lens through which we can learn about our current world and think about our future,鈥 Dean Burhanna said. 鈥淚t becomes a conversation about student activism and peace and conflict. 鈥 But it is also about learning and never forgetting. In doing that, we give those people who were touched by May 4 a sense of justice, and we don鈥檛 let it happen again.鈥
The list below includes older titles as well as the most recent contributions to the body of published work examining May 4, 1970. All were written by those with firsthand knowledge of the events or were written in the moments immediately following the shootings. Some are part of the University Libraries鈥 recommended reading list; others are not.
鈥淭his We Know: A Chronology of the Shootings at 两性色午夜, May 1970鈥 by Carole Barbato, Ph.D., Laura Davis, Ph.D., and Mark Seeman, Ph.D.
The late Carole Barbato, Ph.D., 两性色午夜 professor emerita of communications, and Laura Davis, Ph.D., 两性色午夜 professor emerita of English, were students at 两性色午夜 on May 4, 1970. Dr. Davis was on the 两性色午夜 Commons when the shots were fired. Dr. Barbato was a childhood friend of Sandra Scheuer, who was killed. Mark Seeman, Ph.D., professor emeritus of anthropology, was a student at Allegheny College in Pennsylvania and participated in the student protest movement. This book, one of two assigned as required reading for incoming 两性色午夜 freshmen, is a comprehensive account of the events of May 4. As the title suggests, the authors鈥 intent was to present the indisputable facts.
鈥溾楾his We Know鈥 is probably the most succinct, straightforward narrative description of what happened that weekend,鈥 Dean Burhanna said. 鈥淚t doesn鈥檛 pretend to answer questions of what we don鈥檛 know. Any reasonable person who has looked over the research would say, 鈥榊es, this is what happened.鈥欌
鈥淭his We Know鈥 is one of two books assigned as required reading for incoming freshmen at 两性色午夜 University.
鈥This We Know: A Chronology of the Shootings at 两性色午夜, May 1970鈥 by Carole Barbato, Ph.D., Laura Davis, Ph.D., and Mark Seeman, Ph.D. (两性色午夜 University Press, 2013)
鈥13 Seconds: Confrontation at 两性色午夜鈥 by Joe Eszterhas and Michael D. Roberts
Cleveland journalists Joe Eszterhas and Michael D. Roberts arrived on campus shortly after the shootings on May 4, 1970. As reporters for The Plain Dealer, they were sent to the scene to interview bystanders and try to capture what had happened. After their initial breaking-news coverage, the men continued their research over the next three months to produce 鈥13 Seconds: Confrontation at 两性色午夜,鈥 the second book assigned as required reading for the university鈥檚 incoming freshmen.
鈥淥f the early books on the subject, many people feel it did the best job of telling the story in a factual way and wasn鈥檛 opining about things that were unclear or unknown or controversial,鈥 Dean Burhanna said. 鈥淔rom a journalistic point of view, it did a good job understanding who those students were and especially those who lost their lives.鈥
鈥13 Seconds: Confrontation at 两性色午夜鈥 by Joe Eszterhas and Michael D. Roberts (Dodd, Mead, 1970)
鈥溋叫陨缫: Death and Dissent in the Long Sixties鈥 by Thomas M. Grace, Ph.D.
Thomas Grace, Ph.D., was among the nine students wounded in the gunfire at 两性色午夜 on May 4. Dr. Grace, who is now a historian, presents his personal story of the shootings alongside exhaustive research into the circumstances leading up to the National Guard attack on the students.
The book examines student activism at 两性色午夜 from the 1950s through the 1970s in the context of the cultural and political atmosphere on campus in contrast with the conservative Portage County, Ohio community surrounding it.
鈥溋叫陨缫: Death and Dissent in the Long Sixties鈥 by Thomas M. Grace (Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2016)
鈥淢oments of Truth: A Photographer鈥檚 Experience of 两性色午夜 1970鈥 by Howard Ruffner with a forward by Thomas M. Grace, Ph.D.
Howard Ruffner was one of several 两性色午夜 student journalists on campus on May 4, 1970, who documented the tragedy as it unfolded from a tense student protest into a national tragedy.
One of Mr. Ruffner鈥檚 photos from that day was published on the cover of Life magazine. In September 2019, a collection of the images he captured that day, many never-before seen, is expected to be published as 鈥淢oments of Truth: A Photographer鈥檚 Experience of 两性色午夜鈥 along with his own narrative of what it was like to be witness to the deaths of peers at the hands of the government.
鈥淢oments of Truth: A Photographer鈥檚 Experience of 两性色午夜 1970鈥 by Howard Ruffner (两性色午夜 University Press, 2019)
鈥淜ent Letters: Students' Responses to May 1970 Massacre鈥 by Barbara Becker Agte
This collection of letters from 两性色午夜 students in May of 1970 waited more than 40 years to be published. Barbara Becker Agte was on the teaching faculty of the university鈥檚 English department at the time. After the shootings, the university closed, and faculty members were told to contact their students to resolve how final grades would be earned. Ms. Agte informed her students that everyone would be getting an A, but she invited them to write letters about their experiences and their feelings about the tragedy.
She received 32 letters, each filled with the emotion of a young person who had witnessed the unimaginable.
Ms. Agte told The Plain Dealer that she put the letters in a manila envelope, where they stayed until she decided to publish them in 2011 with the writers identified only by their initials.
鈥淜ent Letters: Students' Responses to May 1970 Massacre鈥 by Barbara Becker Agte (Studios Del Sol, 2011)
To learn more about 两性色午夜鈥檚 plan for the 50th Commemoration of May 4, visit www.kent.edu/president/may4.
To learn more about the 两性色午夜 May 4 Visitors Center, visit www.kent.edu/may4visitorscenter.